增強書面表達效果的技巧

對於學英語，同學們感到最頭痛就是寫書面表達。平時有些同學問到，考試時，寫出的書面表達要點齊全，表達也正確，可就是不知道為什麼打不上高分。是啊，為什麼呢？今天，我們就這個問題，談談增強書面表達效果的技巧。

首先來看2003年全國高考英語書面表達的評分標準：

第五檔（很好）：“覆蓋所有主要內容；應用了較多的語法結構和詞彙；語法結構或詞彙方面有些許錯誤，但為盡力使用較複雜結構或較高級詞彙所致；應用簡單的語句間的連接成分，使全文結構緊湊；達到了預期的寫作目的。”

高考書面表達評分標準在語言的運用上對考生提出了更高的要求。也就是説在考查考生語言準確性的基礎上，進一步強調了用詞的得體性、表達方式的多樣性。如果同學們僅運用基礎的詞彙和基本的句型，不能體現出較強的語言運用能力，即使要點齊全，表達沒有語法錯誤，也不能給人一種含金量高的審美享受，因此很難在考試的評分中得到較高檔次。評分標準給我們傳遞了另外一個信息，如果有意識地使用較高級詞彙或複雜結構，即使有些錯誤，也不扣分，仍屬於最高檔次。

因此要使一個平淡的文章變得豐富起來，從而提高書面表達的檔次。我認為同學們應着力於以下三種增強書面表達效果的技巧。

一、怎樣使用較高級的詞彙

詞彙反映你知識貯存量的多少，也是衡量英語水平的一個重要標誌。從評分標準可知，運用高級的詞彙對提高書面表達的分數至關重要。大家先來看下面這些句子：

1. Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.

Thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable.

2. We all think he is a great man.

think highly of him.

3. Suddenly I thought out a good idea. 　…came upon …

A good idea occurred to me. /A good idea suddenly struck me.

4. The students there needn’t pay for their books.

Books are free for the students there.

5. As a result the plan was a failure.

The plan turned out (to be) a failure.

6. When she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow.

At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow.

7. She went to Austria in order to study music.

She went to Austria for/with the purpose of studying music.

8. When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.

The more he spoke, the more excited he felt.

9. In our school, there are twenty–six classrooms.

Our school is made up of twenty–six classrooms.

/Twenty–six classrooms make up our school.

10. You can find my house easily.

You’ll have no trouble/difficulty finding my house.

二、怎樣使用較豐富的句式

在整篇文章中，避免只使用一兩個句型，要靈活運用各種語法結構，運用得當的句子結構可以給文章增色不少，從而使整篇文章因此而生輝。

1. When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）

→On his arriving/ arrival, please give me an e-mail.

2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名詞性從句）

→What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.

(That the littler girl knows so many things surprises him.

It surprises him that the littler girl knows so many things .)

3. Though I’m weak, I’ll make the effort. (使用倒裝句)

→Weak as I am, I’ll make the effort.

4. He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.

(使用強調句型 ① was… ② until…)

→①It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.

→②Not until he had read the news in the newspaper did he know what had happened.

5. I passed the physics exam because of your help.（使用虛擬語氣）

①→I could not have passed the physics exam but for your help.

②→If you had not helped me, I could not have passed the physics exam.

6. She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (用過去分詞)

→Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.

7. They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)

→Singing and laughing, they went back to school.

8. I won’t believe what he says. （使用狀語從句）

→No matter what he says, I won’t believe.

9. If you study hard, you will make rapid progress. （使用並列句）

→Study hard and you’ll make rapid progress.

had no sooner come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad. (使用倒裝句)

→No sooner had he come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad.

三、怎樣使用恰當的連接詞

使用恰當連接詞，對寫出一篇有“英語味”的文章很重要，能使整篇文章上下銜接自然、緊湊，使文章有一定的流暢性，以使文章層次清晰，行文連貫。下面表格中是寫作中經常用到的一些連接詞。

邏輯角度 合適的過渡性詞彙

時間順序 first, second, then, finally/at last, immediately,suddenly , soon

空間順序 here, there, on one side…on the other side,in front of, at the back of, next to

對稱順序 for one thing, for the other thing, on one hand,on the other hand

轉折順序 but, however, while, though, otherwise

因果順序 because, since, as, thanks to, as a result (of)

條件順序 as long as, so long as, on condition that, if, unless

讓步順序 though, as, even if/though, whether, who(what,when, where)ever

遞進順序 what’s more, besides, to make the matter worse,what’s worse

過渡性插入語 I think, I’m afraid, you know, As we all know

On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building-our library. (NMET99範文)As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.(NMET01範文)

What’s more, I can go to bed earlier. (NMET01範文)

下面我們來看一篇書面表達：

聯合國教科文組織某考察團正在我國某鄉村參觀考察。假定你是接待人員，請根據下列提示以發言稿的形式簡要介紹這個村的情況：

1） 大小：近100户人家，約500口人。

2） 變化：過去很窮，78年後變化很大。人們生活比以前好多了。現已舊貌換新顏。

3） 教育：原來的學校很小，現已經過改建。新建的教學樓有4層，是村裏最美的建築物。村所有學齡兒童在此免費就讀。

注意：（1）要點齊全，前後連貫。

（2）詞數：100－120之間。

依據要點，草擬提綱，將所需要的語言材料準備好。可以只列出主要的詞、詞組、短語及句型。暫不考慮動詞的時態、語態、單數第三人稱等詞形變化。

1)100 families and 500 people/

2) used to be very poor/ change a lot/ richer than before/ take on a new look

3) was very small/ have been rebuilt

4)newly-built/have 4 storeys/ most beautiful building

5) school-age children/ enjoy free education

擴展成句，連句成篇。本文為一篇發言稿，其格式與口頭通知大體相同。因此，短文應有稱呼、開場及結束語。既然介紹的是小村，所使用的人稱應為it.應注意時態、語態的正確運用，並適當使用一些連接成分將所列的語句連成完整的語篇。全文應結構緊湊，前後連貫。

Ladies and gentlemen,

Welcome to our village! ①This village is very small. It has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor.②It has changed a lot since 1978 ③. People here ④are richer than before. Now it is taking on a new look.

In the past, the school here was very small⑤. ⑥Now it has been rebuilt. ⑦The newly built teaching building⑧has 4 storeys and it is the most beautiful building in the village. All the school-age children can study here.⑨They enjoy free education in it.⑩Thank you.

大家看，這篇書面表達要點齊全，表達也沒語法錯誤，但語言平淡，表達方式單一，邏輯性也差，因此很難在考試的評分中得到較高檔次。如果使用一些恰當的連接詞，並儘量使用較高級的詞彙和較複雜的語法結構，這個平淡的文章就會有很大改觀，甚至會變得更精彩。

Ladies and gentlemen,

Welcome to our village! ①This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor. ②However, it has changed a lot since 1978 ③and has been developing very fast. People here ④have/live a much better life than before . Now it is taking on a new look.

In the past, the school here was very small⑤and most children couldn’t afford to go to school.⑥But now it has been rebuilt⑦and the newly built teaching building ⑧which has 4 storeys is the most beautiful one in the village. All the school-age children can study here. ⑨What’s more/Also, they enjoy free education.

⑩May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here! Thank you.

①用介詞短語作定語或用含定語從句的主從複合句。②語句間缺少連接成分However。③表現作者對現在鄉村的發展的喜悦心情，也起到承上啟下作用。④較高級詞彙。⑤作者對過去孩子們上不起學表示遺憾和同情。⑥語句間缺少連接成分，添加But。⑦語句間缺少承上啟下連接成分and。⑧用含定語從句的主從複合句。⑨此處應添加一個承接上下文的過渡性詞語，如“What’s more/Also”，這樣，前後就顯得更加連貫了。⑩如能適當發揮，在結尾處添加像“May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here!”的表希望、祝願的語句，會使全文更加完整，使文章讀起來更親切，完全達到與讀者進行交流的目的，從而收到更佳的表達效果。

④較高級詞彙。

①⑧較複雜句式。

②⑥⑦⑨這些連接詞的恰當使用無疑能使全文過渡自然，令讀者對後續的句子產生心理的期待和準備，增強句子間的邏輯性和緊湊性。

③⑤⑩適當增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章讀起來更親切，完全達到與讀者進行交流的目的。

以上我們可以看出，要使文章連貫、流暢，就要使用較高級詞彙、複雜句子結構以及恰當的連接詞，才能給人一種美的享受，才能在考試的評分中得到較高的檔次。總之，希望同學們通過以上啟發，靈活運用，堅持用科學的方法多寫多練，就一定能寫出高質量的英語作文，在高考中取得成功。

(2)

請你根據下列表格的內容，闡述一下你對減少城市人口的看法。

建議項 具體措施 目 的

1 A． 晚婚B． 一對夫婦一個孩子 減少人口自然增長（人口出生率）

2 嚴格控制外地人進城務工經商 減輕外地人口對城市的壓力

3 A． 在郊區，建造生活、商業、文教、衞生、娛樂休閒生活小區B． 在城市的縣裏建造衞星城 吸引城市居民到郊區和衞星城工作和生活。

Our modern city is too crowded, and to solve the problem, I have three suggestions. First of all, practise the policy of “ Late Marriage ”and “ One Couple, One child ” so as to reduce the birth rate. Secondly, the city government must have a tight control of people entering cities to engage in trade or do various physical jobs in order to reduce the pressure on the city caused by the increasing population. Finally, more and more people suggest that living blocks with shopping centers, school, hospital as well as cinemas and theatres or even satellite towns should be built in the city suburbs or the countries round the cities. In this way city citizens will be encouraged to move there. If these three suggestions are well carried out, the city population will be greatly reduced.