一.學習目標(Language Goal)
1.Learn to narrate past events.學會描述過去所發生的事情。
2.Learn to express something with Past Perfect Tense. 學習使用過去完成時態。
3.Strengthen the consciousness of doing things regularly.做事加強連續性,有條不紊。
二.語言結構(Language Structures)
1.Past perfect Tense 過去完成時
2.“By the time”和“when”引導的時間狀語從句
三.目標語言(Target language)
1.By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
2.By the time she went outside, the bus had already gone
3.By the time she got to class, the teacher had already started teaching.
4.When she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home
5.Have you ever overslept?
6.Have you ever been late for school?
四.重點詞組(Key phrases)
1.by the time 到…時候為止
2.get outside 到外邊
3.get to school 到學校
4.get up 起牀
5.get into the shower 去洗澡
6.get home 到家
7.start doing / to do sth 開始做某事
8.be late for 遲到
9.go off (鬧鐘)鬧響
10.wake up 醒來
11.come out 出來,出現
12.run off 迅速離開,跑掉
13.on time 準時
14.in time 及時
15.come by (走)過來
16.give sb a ride 讓某人搭車
17.break down 損壞,壞掉
18.show up 出席,露面
19.stay up 熬夜
20.a costume party 一個化裝舞會
21.sth happen to sb 某事發生在某人身上
22.so …that … 如此…以至於
23.set off 出發,開始
24.April Fool's Day 愚人節
25.get married 結婚
26.marry sb 與某人結婚
27.both …and … 二者…都…
28.get dressed 穿好衣服
29.on the first day 在第一天
五.語法重點(Grammar Focus)
1.Past perfect Tense 過去完成時
構成:had+過去分詞(had沒有人稱和數的變化)
過去完成時可以表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或呈現的狀態。也就是説發生在“過去的過去”。既然過去完成時的動作發生在過去某一時間之前,那麼,使用過去完成時就必須先有這樣一個過去的時間。
eg.I had finished my homework before supper.
我在晚飯前把作業做完了。
句中的supper既是過去某一時間,而had finished 這一動作就是在supper 之前完成的。如果只説I had finished my homework.聽者會覺得難以理解。由此可見,過去完成時是個相對的時態,它不能離開過去的時間而獨立存在。
eg.By the end of that year Henry had collected more than one thousand foreign stamps.
到那年年底,亨利已經收集了一千多張外國郵票。(過去時間是the end of that year)
eg.When we got there, the football match had already started.
當我們到那裏時,足球比賽已經開始了。(過去時間是when從句)
動詞過去分詞的構成與一般過去式的構成相似,一般情況下在動詞詞尾加-ed,特殊動詞須特殊記憶,如:have-had-had,get-got-gotten,begin-began-begun,leave-left-left,go-went-gone等。例如:
She had learnt 2000 English words by the end of last month.
到上個月末,她已經學了2000個英語單詞了。
I hadn't learnt Japanese before I went to Japan.
我去日本之前沒學過日語。
注意:過去完成時的否定句和疑問句直接通過had的變化即可。
2.when 和by the time引導的時間狀語從句
by the time 到……時候為止,指從過去某一點到,從句所示的時間為止,這一時間段。when當……時候,指過去的某一時間點。從句用一般現在時,主句為過去完成時。
eg.By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
到她起牀的時候,她的弟弟已經去洗澡間了。
By the time she went outside, the bus had already gone
到她走到外面的時候,公共汽車已經走了。
When she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home
當她到學校的時候,她意識到她把書包放在家裏了。
(在這句話中,過去的時間點為“到校”的時候,“她把書包放在家裏”則發生在“過去的過去”。)
3.How to narrate past events.如何描述過去的事件
描述過去的事件,首要注意一點是時態。由於事情發生在過去,因此一定要用過去的某種時態。但如果是直接引語(如在雙引號“”之內),則根據當時的情況來決定。
表示過去的時態有:
(1)一般過去時:結構:動詞的過去式
(2)過去進行時:結構:was / were +現在分詞
(3)過去完成時:結構:had+過去分詞
(4)過去將來時:結構:would+動詞原形
請看例文1:
It was Sunday.I went to a pool to fish.I thought there must be some fish for me to catch.I held my fishing pole, waiting patiently.Suddently a big fish was caught.I was glad and put it into my little basket.Before long my sister cameWithout a word she put back the fish into the water.I was astonished.I really thought she became mad.She ordered me to put down the fishing pole and led me to a place not far away.There stood a sign, reading”No fishing”.I realized that I was making a mistake
(注意觀察文中時態的應用)
例2:請大聲朗讀Section A 3a,並找出其中用到的時態。
六.疑難解析(Key Points)
1.get to 意為“到達”。例如:
When did you get there last night?
你昨晚什麼時候到那兒的?
I get home at 7:00 every day.
我每天7:00到家。
When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
我到電影院時,電影已經開始了。
辨析:get, arrive與reach
這三個詞都可以用來表示“到達”,但是用法不同。
(1)get和arrive都是不及物動詞,其後只能跟表示地點的副詞,若是跟名詞則須再加介詞,即get to +地點名詞,arrive in / at +地點名詞(in 之後跟表示大地方的詞,at之後跟表示小地方的詞)。若是隻説“到達”,而不指出到達哪裏,則只能用arrive。例如:
How did you get / arrive there?
你怎麼到那兒的?
I got to / arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday.
我前天到的北京。
When do you often get to / arrive at school?
你經常什麼時候到校?
When will you arrive?
你什麼時候到?
(2)reach為及物動詞,其後既可跟名詞也可跟副詞。例如:
I reached Beijing the day before yesterday.
我前天到的北京。
We reached here on foot.
我們步行到這兒的。
2.關於get的詞組小結
在本單元出現大量關於get的詞組,要注意背誦:
get to school 到學校
get into the shower 去洗澡
get outside 到外邊
get home 到家
get up 起牀
get married 結婚
get dressed 穿好衣服
get to class 到班級
get bored 變得無聊
get tired 變得疲勞
3.I've never been late for school, but yesterday I came very close
我上學從未遲到過,但是昨天差一點兒就遲到了。
(1)I've 是I have的縮寫,have been late是現在完成時態,現在完成時是指一個動作或狀態開始於過去,持續到現在,並可能繼續下去,而且對現在產生了一定的影響,其構成是have / has+動詞過去分詞。例如:
I have been here since 1999.
自1999年以來我就在這兒。
We have lived in Jinan for 20 years.
我們已經在濟南住了20年了。
She hasn't worked for 2 years.
她已2年不工作了。
(2)be late for 意為“……遲到”,for為介詞,所以其後須跟名詞。例如:
Don't be late for the meeting.
開會別遲到了。
Jim was late for school again.
吉姆上學又遲到了。
Tom has been late for classes twice.
湯姆上課已經遲到兩次了。
(3)close在此為副詞“接近地,靠近地”。此外came very close意為“到時與遲到很接近”。
4.My alarm clock didn't go off, … 鬧鐘沒有大響……
go off 意為“爆發,大響”。例如:
Although the alarm clock went off, he didn't wake up.雖然鬧鐘大響,但是他還是沒有醒來。
與go有關的詞組還有:
(1)go in for“參加”(競賽、考試);(作為嗜好、工作)“愛好”。例如:
She goes in for bird-watching.她愛好賞鳥。
(2)go on“進行,繼續”。例如:
Please go on.請繼續。
(3)go on doing sth 或go on with sth“繼續做……”。例如:
He went on working without having a rest.
他一直工作,沒停下來休息過。
(4)go over“調查,視察;越過”。例如:
You must go over your lessons before the exam.
考試前你必須複習。
5.…and I had to wait for him to come out.……我不得不等他出來。
(1)have to 意為“必須,不得不”。例如:
Do you have to take the test?
你必須考試嗎?
Tom has to practice speaking Chinese every day.
湯姆每天必須練習講漢語。
辨析:have to 與must
這兩個詞都可以表示“必須”。have to 更加強調客觀原因,而must則強調主觀原因;含有have to 的句子在作句型轉換時須藉助於助動詞do,does或did,而must本身是情態動詞,進行句型轉換時可以直接通過must改變。例如:
It is raining, we have to stay at home.
天在下雨,我們不得不待在家裏。
We must work hard.
我們必須努力工作。
Lucy doesn't have to stand.
露茜不必站着。
You mustn't play in the street.
你不能在街道上玩。
(2)wait 是不及物動詞“等待,等候”的意思。可以用於詞組wait for sb.“等某人”,wait to do sth.“等着做某事”,wait for sb to do sth.“等某人做某事”。例如:
Who are you waiting for?
你在等誰?
They can't wait to open the presents.
他們迫不及待地打開禮物。
You can wait for him to help you.
你可以等着他幫你。
6.Unfortunately, by the time I got there, the bus had already left.
不幸的是,我到那兒的時候,公交車已經走了。
unfortunately 是副詞“不幸地”,是由fortunately加否定前綴“un”構成的。英語中有一部分詞在詞首或詞尾加上前綴或後綴就可以變成另外一個詞。如:lucky(幸運的)-unlucky(不幸的),use(用)-useful(有用的),forget(忘記)-forgetful(健忘的),un作前綴表示“not”的含義,即“un”是一個否定前綴。例如:fit(合適的)-unfit(不合適的),fair (公平的)-unfair(不公平的),known(聞名的)-unknown(不聞名的)等。
7.Luckily, my friend Tony and his Dad came by in his Dad's car and they gave me a ride.
幸運的是,我的朋友託尼和他爸爸坐着他爸爸的車經過,他們讓我搭了個便車。
(1)come by 意為“經過,走過;獲得,獲有”。例如:
Please let the car come by.
請讓車過去。
Good jobs are not easy to come by.
好工作不容易找到。
與come有關的其他詞組:
<1>come out”出來;開花;出版”。例如:
The moon has come out.
月亮出來了。
It's too cold for the flowers to come out.
天太冷了,花不開了。
<2>come about”發生,產生”。例如:
Tell me how the accident came about.
告訴我事情是怎麼發生的。
<3>come across“(偶然)發現……,遇見……”。例如:
I came across his name on the list.
我無意中在名單上發現他的名字。
<4>come after”繼……之後,接……而來”。例如:
Sunday comes after Saturday.
星期天在星期六之後。
<5>come back”回來”。例如:
When did he come back?
他什麼時候回來的?
<6>come to oneself”甦醒,醒過來”。例如:
At last, he came to himself.
最後他醒了。
<7>come from”來自”。例如:
Julia comes from Australia.
朱莉婭來自澳大利亞。
(2)give sb a ride 意為“讓某人搭便車”。ride在此為名詞“搭車,乘車”的意思。get a ride 意為“搭便車”。例如:
Can you give me a ride, Jack?
傑克,能讓我搭個便車嗎?
I want to get a ride.
我想搭個便車。
8.I only just made it to my class.我恰好到教室。
make it 意為“成功了,做成了”。這裏指的是沒有遲到,準時到達。例如:
-Have you got the job?
-你得到那份工作了嗎?
-Yes, I made it.
-是的,我成功了。
9.Have you ever forgotten to bring your homework to school?
你曾忘了把作業帶到學校嗎?
(1)辨析:forget to do 與forget doing
forget to do 指的是“忘了去做……”,即該事還未做;而forget doing 則指“忘了做了……”,即該事已經做完。例如:
Don't forget to turn off lights when you go out.
出去時別忘了關燈。
Sorry, I forgot to bring the books again.
對不起,我又忘了帶書來了。
Lucy forgot locking the door.
露茜忘了已鎖了門了。
Tom forgot turning off TV.
湯姆忘了關了電視了。
(2)辨析:bring, take
bring 意為“把……拿來,取來”。即把某物從別處拿到説話者所在地;take 意為“把……拿走,取走”,即把某物從説話者所在地拿到別處。例如:
Please bring my English book here.
請把我的英語書拿到這兒來。
You can't take these magazines home.
你不能把這些雜誌拿回家。
10.What happened to David on April Fool's Day?
愚人節那天,大衞出什麼事了嗎?
(1)happen to sb 意為“某人怎麼了,發生在某人身上”。例如:
What happened to you?
你怎麼了?
What happened to Jim?
吉姆出什麼事了?
(2)英語中表示節日時須注意以下幾點:
<1>表示“在……節”用介詞on;
<2>表示節日的每個詞的首字母大寫;
<3>用day來表示“節”,且無冠詞;
<4>一般用複數名詞的所有格,如:Teachers' Day 教師節,Children's Day 兒童節,Women's Day 婦女節等;但也有用單數名詞所有格的,如:Mother's Day 母親節,Father's Day 父親節等。例如:
Do you often go to parks on Children's Day?
你們兒童節經常去公園嗎?
What do you usually do on New Year's Day?
新年你們通常幹什麼?
Do your friends play jokes on you on April Fool's Day?
你的朋友愚人節跟你開玩笑嗎?
11.Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country.
Welles 是如此地讓人信任,以致於成百上千的人都相信了這個故事,進而激起了全國性的恐慌。
(1)So …that…句型中,so後面應加一個形容詞或副詞,意為“如此……以至於……”
eg.This book is so interesting that everyone in our class wants to read it.
這本書是如此的有趣以至於全班同學都想看看。(so+形容詞)
He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.
他跑得那麼快,以致於我跟不上他。(so+副詞)
So…that引導的是表示結果的狀語從句,但不“一定要死套”“如此……以至於”的模式來譯成漢語。
eg.It was so dark that he couldn't see the faces of his companions.
天太黑了,他不能看見同伴的臉。
(2)so that 主要用來引導目的狀語從句。其從句中的謂語動詞通常和can,may,should等情態動詞連用,而且主句和從句之間不使用逗號,意為“以便,使能夠”。
eg.They set out early so that they might arrive in time
他們早早地出發以便按時到達。
Let's take the front seats so that we may see more clearly.
我們坐在前排吧,以便可以看得更清楚。
(3)set off 意為“出發,開始;引爆;襯托”。例如:
They'll set off on a journey around the world.
他們將要出發環球旅行。
Use blue eye-shadow to set off your green eyes.
用藍色眼影襯托你的綠眼睛。
與set有關的其他詞組:
<1>set about sth.“開始,着手”。例如:
I must set about my packing.
我必須開始收拾行裝了。
<2>set sb.against sb.“使某人和某人競爭、對抗”。例如:
Set yourself against her.
跟她競爭。
<3>set in”開始”。例如:
The rainy season has set in.
雨季已開始了。
<4>set out”出發,啟程”。set sth out”展示,陳列”。例如:
They set out at dawn.
他們在拂曉出發。
He sets out his ideas clearly in his essay.
他在這篇文章中明確地列出了他的觀點。
<5>set up”建立,設立”。例如:
The memorial will be set up.
紀念碑要建成了。
12.…because the spaghetti farmers in Italy had stopped growing spaghetti.
……因為生產意大利麪條的農民停止了生產。
辨析:stop doing 與stop to do
stop doing 指的是“停止做”,即不做了;而stop to do 則是指“停下來去做”,即停下來的目的是去做,也就是開始做。例如:
Stop talking, let's begin our class.
不要講話了,我們開始上課。
You are too fat and you must stop eating too much.
你太胖了,你不能吃那麼多了。
Please stop to listen to me
請停下來聽我説。
The mother stopped to look after her baby.
那位母親停下來去照顧她的小寶寶。
13.She was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married.
她震驚了,因為她的確想結婚。
(1)thrill為動詞“震顫,使激動”,多用於被動語態be thrilled,表示“很感動,受到震顫的”。例如:
We were thrilled with joy.
我們高興極了。
She thrilled at the good news.
她聽到那個好消息很興奮。
(2)want在此為動詞“想,想要”,其後可跟名詞、代詞或動詞不定式to do。例如:
Do you want an ice-cream?
你想要個冰激凌嗎?
I want some bread and milk.
我想要些麪包和牛奶。
Tom wants to learn to play Chinese chess.
湯姆想學下中國象棋。
Does Lucy wants to learn to dance?
露茜想學跳舞嗎?
(3)marry為動詞“嫁,娶,結婚”。表示“嫁給某人”或“娶了某人”都可以用marry sb。
另外,詞組get married 意為“結婚”,但這是一個非延續性動詞,即它不能跟表示一段時間的詞連用。be married 也可以用來表示“結婚”,它是一個延續性詞組,可以與表示一段時間的詞連用。例如:
John is going to marry Jane
約翰要和簡結婚了。
Henry didn't marry until he was over fifty.
亨利直到過了50歲才結婚。
When are you going to get married?
你準備什麼時候結婚?
We have been married for ten years.
我們已經結婚十年了。
His uncle will get married next month.
他叔叔下個月結婚。
14.Are there any English words than Chinese people use when they speak to each other?
有中國人互相交談時用的英語單詞嗎?
辨析:speak, talk, say, tell
(1)這四個詞都有“説”的意思。
(2)speak一般指“説某種語言”,即其後的賓語只能是表示語言的詞。例如:
Can you speak French?
你會講法語嗎?
What language do they speak?
他們講哪種語言?
(3)talk一般指“談論”,本身為不及物動詞,可以用於詞組talk about sth with sb.
“與某人談論某事”,也可用於talk to sb.“跟某人説話”。例如:
What are you talking about?
你們在討論什麼?
Who were you talking with just now?
你剛才在跟誰説話?
I want to talk about English study with you.
我想跟你討論一下英語學習的事。
(4)say為及物動詞“説”,其後一般須指出説的內容。例如:
What did you say?
你説什麼?
It says”NO Parking”.上面寫着“不許停車”。
She'd like to say goodbye to us.
她想來跟我們道別。
(5)tell“告訴”,為及物動詞,其後須跟雙賓語,即用於tell sth.to sb.或tell sb.sth.“告訴某人某事”。例如:
Can you tell me a story?
你能給我講個故事嗎?
Who told you the news?
誰告訴你這個消息的?
15.Today one in four people, or a quarter of the world's population uses English, …
當今四個人中得有一個人,或者説世界上四分之一