英語常用的句型結構
1、 S + vi
2、 S + link verb + predicative
3、 S + vt +o
4、 S + vt + o (間接) + o (直接)
5、 S +vt+ o + o c
6、 There be + s + …
簡單句的五個基本句型
種類 句型 主語
S. 謂語部分
謂語動詞V. 表語P. 賓語O. 賓語補足語OC.
第1種 S +V We work.(不及物)
第2種 S+V+O He plays(及物) the piano.
第3種 S+V+P We are(系動詞) students.
第4種 S+V+ino(間接賓語)+Do(直接賓語) She gave(及物) me a pen.
第5種 S+V+O+C He made(及物) the boy laugh.
第6種 There be+S There are thirty days this month.
主語部分 謂語部分
謂語動詞 修飾語/補語/賓語
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Flowers
Flowers
Many beautiful flowers
I
Betty, your younger sister,
Some students in my class
you
(You) bloom。
bloom
bloom
go
looks
speak
Do... understand
Read
in the gardens.
in the gardens in spring.
to school by bicycle every day.
very pretty.
English very well.
these sentences?
Lesson Two, Mary.
句子的成分
1. 主語-主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所説的“是什麼”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當於名詞的詞或短語來充當。它在句首。
注意：不定式作主語時，常用形式主語it句型。
2. 謂語-説明主語“做什麼”，“是什麼”或“怎麼樣”。
謂語(謂語部分裏主要的詞)必須用動詞。謂語和主語在人稱和數兩方面必須一致。它在主語後面。
3. 表語-表語説明主語“是什麼”或者“怎麼樣”，由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當於名詞或形容詞的詞或短語來擔任。它的位置在系動詞後面。
*注意區別：My job is teaching.(teaching 為表語) 與 I am teaching now.(am teaching 為謂語)
4. 賓語-賓語是動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當於名詞的詞、短語來擔任，它和及物動詞一起説明主語做什麼，在謂語之後。
5. 狀語-狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。一般表示行為發生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等意義，一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當於副詞的詞或短語來表示。狀語一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。
6. 定語-定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當於形容詞的詞或短語等都可以擔任定語。因為它是修飾名詞或代詞的，而名詞和代詞又可以作主語，還可以作表語和賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。
簡單句、並列句、複合句
1. 簡單句
句型：主語+謂語
只包含一個主謂結構，而句子的各個結構都只由單詞或短語表示。
2. 並列句
句型： 簡單句+並列連詞（或連接副詞）+簡單句
*由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句並列連接起來的句子叫並列句。並列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關係，是平行並列的關係。它們之間用連詞連結。
1、聯合關係：
常用的連詞有and, not only…but(also), neither…nor等。
Eg. Tom doesn’t smoke, nor does his brother.
2、轉折關係
常用的連詞有but, yet, still, however, while(而，然而)，when（那時，然後）等。
Eg. He got up very early, (and) yet he failed to catch the morning train.
We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.
She is tired, (but) still she will make another test.
*yet 和still是連接副詞，又叫半連接句。
*however(然而，不過，但是)意義接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中間。
3、選擇關係：
常用的連詞有or（或者，還是，否則），otherwise, or else, either…or等。
Eg. Hurry up, or we’ll be late for school.
4、因果關係
連詞有：for, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。
Eg. He studied hard, thus he succeeded in passing the exam.
The Frenchman coughed loudly, so he decided to go and get some medicine for it.
*for 表示附加或推斷的理由、原因。 Therefore較so更正式，and so 較口語化。
3. 複合句
句型：主句+連詞+從句；或連詞+從句+主句（包含一個主句、一個或一個以上的從句，或只包含一個從句，但有兩個或兩個以上的主句的句子叫複合句。）
動詞時態，被動語態
一、一般現在時
1.一般現在時表示經常發生、習慣性動作、客觀真理、科學事實、格言，目前的特徵、狀態、能力等。
2.主句是一般將來時,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現在時表示將來。如：
I’ll go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go there.
3.在以here, there開頭的句子裏，go, come等少數動詞的一般在時表示正在發生的動作。
例如：There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車來了。Here she comes.她來了。
二、現在進行時
1.表示正在進行的動作。
2.表示按計劃安排即將發生的動作。
例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個星期六我爸爸要來看我。
3.代替一般現在時，描繪更加生動。
例如:The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。
4.大多數動詞可用於進行時，但也有些動詞不用於進行時。常見的有：exist, live, understand, mean, owe, belong to, know, doubt, suppose, remember, forget,
believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。
三、現在完成時
1.表示過去發生的動作對現在產生的影響或結果，或説話時已完成的動作。
例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.
2.表示從過去開始，待續到現在的動作或狀態，往往和“for…”, “since…”表述的一段時間狀語連用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.
3.現在完成時與一般過去時的區別：
1）用兩種時態來表述發生在過去的某一動作，現在完成時強調這一過去動作對現在產生的影響或結果，而一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態，和現在關係不大。例如：She has cleaned the room. It’s very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改為cleaned.一是因為cleaned與現狀無關，二是因為一般過去時不可突然跳到It’s…這樣的一般現在時。)
2）漢語中的“了”、“過”、“曾”等詞常用完成表達，如：I have seen that film.（我看過那部電影了。）但是如果是在特定的過去時間“看了”、“做過”，就不可用完成時而必須用一般過去進來表達。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什麼時候看了那部電影？我昨天看的。)不能説：When have you seen that film? I have seen it yesterday.
4.表示“曾經到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has gone to”.例如：
--Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room.
--She knows a lot about Shanghai.－She has been there.
5.短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞），join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成時態中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如不能説：He has finished the work for three hours.要翻譯“他已完成工作三小時了。”可採用1）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延續法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.
四、現在完成進行時
1.用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在（或今後還要繼續一去）的動作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days.
2.凡是不能用於現在進行時的動詞均不能用於現成完成進行時。
五、一般過去時
表達特定的過去時間內發生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內經常發生或反覆發生的動作或行為。
六、過去進行時
1.表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內正在進行的動作（這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
2.表示動作在另一過去動作發生時進行。例如：They were still working when I left.
3.用在兩個過去進行時動作同時發生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV.
4.表示過去將來動作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.
七、過去完成時
1.表示在過去某一時間以前已經完成的動作。例如：He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning.
2.表示動作或狀態從過去某個時刻開始一直延續到另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續下去。例如：At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
3.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等動詞的過去完成時來表示未實現的希望、打算或意圖。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
八、一般將來時
一般將來時表示將來要發生的動作和存在的狀況。有下列一些形式：
do （側重將來行為，不突出計劃安排去做某事）
going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發生)
doing (按計劃將要發生，常和表示最近的將來時間連用)
about to do (按計劃即將發生)
九、將來完成時
用來表示在將來某個時刻（前）將完成的動作。常和by短語，when, before引起的時間狀語連用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
被動語態
一、被動語態的句型
1.常見句式是：主語（受動者）＋be＋過去分詞＋（by＋施動者）
例如：He was scolded by the English teacher.
2.主語＋get＋過去分詞＋其它成分
例如：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
注意：使用這種結構不能帶有“by＋施動者”
3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動句變為動句，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。
例如：She lent me a bike.
被動：1）I was lent a bike(by her). 2）A bike was lent to me(by her).
4.情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞
例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
5.雙重被動式：主語＋被動式謂語＋不定式的被動式＋其它成分
例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.
二、主動表示被動的幾種情況
1.不及物動詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質和狀態。常見動詞是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。These books sell well.這些書好賣。The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣裏放不長久。The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。
2.一些連繫動詞的主動式＋形容詞。常見動look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。
例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.
注：prove也可用於被動式，如：His answer(was) proved right.
3.不定式在某些形容詞之後，且與主語有動賓關係。常見形容詞有：hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例如：The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比較：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.沒有形容詞時，雖然不定式與主語是動賓關係，但必須用被動式。
三、容易誤用被動語態的幾種情況：
1.I teach myself French.不可變為Myself is taught French.因為反身代詞不可作主語。
help each other/one another.不可變為Each other/One another is helped by us.因為相互代詞不可作主語。
lost heart.不可變為Heart was lost by him.因為象lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought這類動賓結構的固定短語只能用於主動式，不能用被動式。
took part in the sports meet.不能變為The sports meet was taken part in by her.因為象take part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain等表狀態動詞沒有被動語態。
主謂一致Agreement
在英語的句子中，謂語動詞的形式應與主語的人稱和數保持一致。如何判定，則要看句子的意思。多數情況下，根據句子的主語形式就能判定，但有的則要看整句的意思，及強調的內容。下面我們就常用的、易混的幾種情況作一下解釋。
1、以單數名詞或代詞、不定式、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：
1）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）
2）How you get there is a problem.
2、複數主語跟複數動詞。
3、在倒裝句中, 動詞的數應和它後面的主語的數一致。如以here, there開頭，be 動詞與後面第一個名詞一致。如：1）Here comes the bus.
2）On the wall were two famous paintings.
3）Here is Mr Brown and his children.
4、and連接兩個或兩個以上的並列主語時，謂語動詞用複數。如果主語後跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍與短語前的主語的形式保持一致。如：
1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends.
2）He and my father work in the same factory.
3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.
4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.
5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.
6）Every picture except these two has been sold.
7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.
8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.
9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.
5、並列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數，and後面的名詞沒有冠詞。如：
1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow. 這位工人作家明天要來我們學校。
2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 麪包和黃油是他們每日的食品。
3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.（兩個人）
6、and連接的並列單數名詞前如有each, every, no, many a修飾時，謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：
1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party. 所有的孩子都被邀請參加這次聚會。
2）No teacher and no student is absent today.
3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.
7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。如：
1）Each takes a cup of tea.
2）Either is correct.
3）Neither of them likes this picture.
8、由every, some, any, no構成的合成代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。如：
1）Is everyone here?
2）Nothing is to be done. 沒有什麼要乾的事兒了。
9、關係代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。如：
1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.
2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.
3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
10、表示時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的複數名詞或短語作為一個整體看待時，其謂語動詞常用單數形式。
11、複數形式的專有名詞作為整體看待（如人名、地點、國家、組織、書籍、報刊等），動詞用單數形式。如：
1）The United States is in North America.
2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(決議)。
3）“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜譚》）is an interesting book.
12、有些集體名詞如family, team, group, class, audience（聽眾，觀眾），government等作主語時，如看作是一個整體，謂語動詞則用單數形式；如強調各個成員時，謂語動詞要用複數形式。如：
1）My family is going to have a long journey.
2）My family are fond of music.
3）The class has won the honour. 這班獲得了榮譽。
4）The class were jumping for joy.
13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主語時，既可表示複數意義，也可表示單數意義，謂語動詞要根據實際情況而定。如：
1）All of the apple is rotten. 整個蘋果都爛了。
2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的蘋果都爛了。
3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (傢俱)。
14、the + 形容詞（或分詞）作主語時，常指一類人，謂語動詞用複數形式。如指的是抽象概念，謂語動詞則用單數形式。如：
1）The young are usually very active.
2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now.
15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)連接的是主語,謂語動詞與後一個主語一致。如：
1）Either you or I am going to the movies.
2）Not only you but also he is wrong.
16、不可數名詞沒有複數形式，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。如：
1）Water is a kind of matter.
2）The news at six o’clock is true.
17、集合名詞如：people, police ,cattle等作主語，謂語動詞用複數形式。如：
1）The police are searching for him.
2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。
18、population當人口講時，謂語動詞用單數形式；當人們講時，謂語動詞用複數。如：
1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
2）One third of the population here are workers.
19、the number of + 名詞複數，是表示“…的數字”，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式；a (large / great) number of + 名詞複數，表示許多，作主語時；謂語動詞用複數形式。
1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.
2）A number of students have gone for an outing.
20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
複合句
( 1 ) 定語從句
I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關係詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔當一個成分，並與先行詞保持數的一致。
關係詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句 備註
關係代詞 Who 人 主語 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? Whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時後面關係代詞不能省略，也不可以用that
Whom 人 賓語 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
Whose 人，物 定語 I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
That 人，物 主語，賓語 A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
Which 物 主語，賓語 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
As 人，物 主語，賓語 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. As做賓語一般不省略
關係副詞 When 時間 時間狀語 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which
Where 地點 地點狀語 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which
why 原因 原因狀語 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which
II. That與which, who, whom的用法區別：
情況 用法説明 例句
只用that的情況 1． 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時。
2． 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時
3． 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數詞修飾時
4． 先行詞既指人又指物時
5． 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時
6． 句中已經有who時，為了避免重複時 told me everything that he knows.
the books that you offered has been given out.
is the best film that I have ever read.
talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
is the only man that I want to see.
is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情況 1． 在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
2． 在由“介詞+關係代詞”引導的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3． 先行詞本身是that時，關係詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. As與which的區別：
定語從句 區別 例句
限制性定語從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關係代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定語從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，並可以放在主句前，也可以放在後面，那麼用as；而which引導的從句只能放主句後，並無“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別：
類別 語法意義及特徵 例句
限制性定語從句 對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關係十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。 The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定語從句 對先行詞作附加的説明，與主句的關係不十分密切，較鬆散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開, 相當於一個插入語, 不能用that引導，關係代詞做賓語時也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
( 2 )狀語從句
狀語從句在主從複合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等，按意義可分為地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、方式、比較等。
1、時間狀語從句
由從屬連詞when, whenever, as, while, before, since, once, till. Eg. I waited till he had finished his work.
A. when, as, while 作時間從屬連詞的區別。
When可引導持續性動作，又可引導短暫性動作。它可表示主從句的動作同時發生，或從句的動作發生在主句動作之前。 Eg. When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. (同時)
B. as 引導持續性動作，側重表示主句和從句動作同時發生。 Eg. He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
C. while “在某一段時間裏”、“在……期間”
While引導的動作必須是持續性的，它也強調主句和從句動作的同時發生，往往側重主句和從句動作的對比。
Eg. Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
*當when, as, while(正當……的時候)表示主句和從句的動作同時發生時，可以換用。
*當when引導的狀語從句是系表結構（名詞作表語），其主語又和主句主語一致時，往往可用as引導的省略從句代替，應注意as在這裏是連詞，不是介詞，後邊名詞與年齡有關。
Eg. As a young man(=when he was a young man)he was a postmaster.
D. before 如果when和before引導的句子位於主句之後，有時要譯為“才”、“這時”等。
Eg. He almost knocked me down before he saw me. I was having lunch when someone knocked at the door.
E. by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, soon after, shortly after等也可以作為連詞，引導時間狀語從句。Eg. Each time he came to Beijing on business, he would call on me. I recognized you the moment I saw you.
F. 時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞一般不能用任何一種將來時,只能用現在時或過去時態表示將來時。
E. hardly…when; no sooner =as soon as
這兩個句組只能用於過去時，即從句謂語動詞用一般過去時，主句謂語動詞用過去完成時。Hardly、no nooner放在句首時，主句主謂倒裝。
Eg. He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
Hardly had he fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
Eg. I had no sooner come home than it began to rain. No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
2、 地點狀語從句：where, wherever引導
Eg. Go back where you came from. Where there is water, there is life.
3、原因狀語從句
由連詞because, as, since, now than (既然，由於)
because引導的從句是全句意思的重心所在。在有上下文的情況下，可以不要主句而單獨成句。as與since則不能。
在回答why開始的問句時只能用because。
*在強調句式中強調原因狀語從句，只能用because引導從句，不能用as或since.
Eg. It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.
*as （由於）所引導的從句一般放在主句之前，説明原因；後邊的主句説明結果。主句和從句表達的內容同等重要。 Eg. As there was no answer, I wrote again.
以as引導的從句位於主句之後時，它的力量更弱一些，類似一種附帶的説明。As在口語中使用較多。
*since(既然，因為)：用以表示顯然的或已知的理由、原因。從句的意思是次要的，主句是全句意思的重心所在。
Eg. Since he can not answer the question, you’d better ask someone else.
*now that與since, as 同義。其區別是now that用來説明一種新情況，然後再加以推論，從句與主句的因果關係很小，而since和as連接的句子因果關係比較明顯。
Eg. Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do what you like.
注意：*用了以上表示原因的從屬連詞，主句不可再用並列連詞so.
*並列連詞for有時表示因果關係，有時是對前面分句的內容加以解釋或推斷。
當for表示因果關係時，可和從屬連詞because同樣使用，但語氣較弱。
Eg. He could not have seen me, for (or: because) I was not there.
4、目的狀語從句
that, so that, in order that, for fear that(以免，唯恐)，lest(唯恐，免得)：lest從句中謂語(should)+v, in case (萬一)等。
Eg. We remained at home lest(=for fear that) they should come in our absence.
目的狀語從句的消語常含有may(might),can, could, should, will等情態動詞。通常主句在前，從句在後，主句與從句之間沒有逗號。
*lest 只用於正式文體，在現代英語中多以for fear that, so that…not等代替。
5、結果狀語從句
由連詞that, so that, so…that , such…that etc.
注意區別that, so that引導的目的狀語從句和結果狀語從句。根據上下文來判斷，從句之前有逗號的常是結果狀語從句；從句中有情態動詞的多半是目的狀語從句。
Eg. She hurried, so that she caught the bus. (結果) She hurried so that she might catch the bus.(目的)
6、條件狀語從句
通常由if, unless(除非)，as long as, so long as只要，in case (that)萬一
*unless 從句的謂語只能用肯定式
*主將從現
7、方式狀語從句
連詞as, as if(as though)等引導從句多用虛擬語氣。 Eg. He walked as if he were drunk.
8、比較狀語從句
as…as, not so (as)…as, than等引導 eg. Peter swims as well as Tom does.
*the +比較級（從句），the+比較級（主句） eg. The harder we work, the happier we feel.
9、讓步狀語從句
though, although, as(雖然)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, however, no matter who (what, which, etc)
eg. Wherever you work, you can always find time to study.
Whether he comes or not, we’ll discuss the problem this afternoon.
*讓步狀語從句可放在句首、句中、句尾
though與although同義。Although 較為正式，多置於句首，as引導的讓步狀語從句多用於書面語。它比用though(although)引導的讓步狀語從句更有表現力，語氣更強。As引導的讓步狀語從句要使語序部分倒裝。
Eg. Child as he was, he had to help support the family.
*even if (though)從句所説的不一定是事實。 Though從句一般説的是事實。
*whether一般引導名詞性從句。當引導讓步狀語從句時，必須有逗號和主句分開，而且其前邊可加no matter.
Eg. You’ll have to do it, (no matter) whether you like it or not.
*讓步狀語從句和主句之間不可再用but等純並列連詞，但可用yet, still, nevertheless等副詞來加強語氣。
Eg. Though he was tired, yet (still, nevertheless) he went on working.
*不可將no matter與“疑問詞+ever”連用。
Eg. Whatever (no matter what )you say, I won’t agree you .
No matter whatever you say, I won’t agree with you .(錯)
倒裝句
I. full inversion
1、there (here) + be + S
eg. Here is the milkman. There comes the bus.
*在there和here的後面還可跟一些不及物動詞，如stand, lie, go, fall等。句子的謂語時態為一般過去時或一般現在時。如例2
2、單個副詞位於句首的倒裝句
單個副詞位於句首，句子的主、謂需倒裝，表示強調。這類副詞有in, out, now, up, down etc.句子的謂語一般為be動詞或不及物動詞。
Eg. Down came the rain. Up went the flag. Away he ran.
如果這類句子中的謂語動詞是短語動詞則不能將短語動詞中的副詞移到句首。
Eg. Up it blew.(錯)____blew up: exploded
*但有時也例外，當句子的主語在對比的情況下，作主語的人稱代詞也可與作謂語的be 動詞形成倒裝。
Eg. There were they, reading in the classroom, while we were cleaning outside.
3、介詞短語作狀語位於句首的倒裝句。在這類句子中，謂語一般為be或不及物動詞。
Eg. Near the forest is a small lake. In the doorway stood my brother.
在上述單個副詞和介詞短語位於句首的倒裝句子中，謂語用一般現在時或一般過去時。
4、so, nor, neither, no more 引導的倒裝句，句子全部倒裝。
Eg. He finished his job, and so did I. Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
Peter 不喜歡流行音樂，他兄弟也是如此。
*在美式英語中，通常認為nor不能跟在but或and的後面。
Eg. John didn’t see the accident and nor did Mary.(錯) John didn’t see the accident and neither did Mary.（對）
*當句子的主語與前句的主語為同一人或物，而so位於該句的句首時,後面so引導的句子不用倒裝。
Eg. It’s raining . So it is.
5、as引導的倒裝句
在正式書面文體中，as引導表示比較含義的從句，句子常用倒裝句。
Eg. He likes sports, as do most of his friends. 他和他的大多數朋友一樣，喜歡體育。
He is a college student, as are his sisters and brothers.
II. partial inversion
1、副詞位於句首的部分倒裝句
一些含有否定意義的副詞位於句首時，句子倒裝：seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, never, few, not until, not only等。
Eg. Little did he know about mathematics. 他的數學知識極為貧乏。
Rarely did students attend his lectures. 學生很少去聽他的講座。
*如果scarcely, hardly, little和barely等副詞位於句首，但它們在句中修飾主語，此時句子不倒裝。
Eg. Little help can be expected from John. 不指望從約翰那裏得到多少幫助。
Hardly twenty students are in that big room. 在那間大房子裏還不足20名學生。
2、only引導的部分倒裝句。
Only位於句首，後接狀語，句子要倒裝。
Eg. Only on Sunday does he go home. Only alone, does she feel sad.
*only修飾賓語，位於句首時，句子也可以倒裝。Eg. Only their teacher will they obey.
*only修飾主語，位於句首，句子不用倒裝。Eg. Only two of us got tickets.
3、not only …but also…引導的兩個分句，前一個分句用倒裝，後一個分句用倒裝，後一個分句用陳述結構。
Eg. Not only does he speak English but also he speaks German.
*not only不位於句首，句子則不倒裝 eg. He not only speaks English but also he speaks German.
4、hardly…when…; scarcely…when…; no nooner…than…
eg. Scarcely had he come in when the guests wanted to leave.
5、not+名詞或副詞組成的詞組在句子中作狀語或賓語，位於句首，句子需倒裝。
Eg. Not a letter did he send home. Not once do I meet him. 我一次也沒有見到他。
Not until the end of this week did she realize her mistakes.
*not在句首修飾主語，句子不必倒裝。 Eg. Not many people came to the party.
6、當含有no的詞組位於句首時，句子用倒裝。
*Nowhere else in the world can you buy a better and cheaper camera than in our shop.
No longer are they cooperating with us.
By no means should you break the rules. 你決不能違反規章制度。
At no time should we give in to difficulties. 任何時候都不應在困難面前屈服。
*類似的短語：in no way決不，in no sense決不，in no case決不，under no excuse毫無理由，on no account決不
如果這類短語不在句首，句子不用倒裝。
7、在if引導的虛擬條件句子中，如有had, were, should，可將if省去，而將had, were, should移到句首倒裝。
Eg. Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believe it.
8、as, though引導的讓步狀語從句，形容詞、名詞作表語常位於句首，形成倒裝。
Eg. Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people. Child as he is, he knows a lot.(省略冠詞)
情態動詞
I. 情態動詞基本用法：
情態動詞 用法 否定式 疑問式與簡答
can 能力（體力，智力，技能）
允許或許可（口語中常用）
可能性（表猜測，用於否定疑問句中） can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
could couldn’t do
may 可以（問句中表示請求）
可能，或許（表推測）
祝願（用於倒裝句中） may not do May…do…? Ye,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t
might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must 必須，應該（表主觀要求）
肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測） must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to
have to 只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時態人稱變化） don’t have to do Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do. No,…don’t.
ought to 應當（表示義務責任，口語中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall 將要，會
用於一三人稱徵求對方意見
用於二三人稱表示許諾命令 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t
should 應當，應該（表義務責任）
本該（含有責備意味） should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…?
will 意願，決心
請求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…?
Yes,…will. No,…won’t
would would not/wouldn’t do
dare 敢（常用於否定句和疑問句中） dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
need 需要
必須（常用於否定句和疑問句中） need not/needn’t do Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t
used to 過去常常（現在已不再） used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do Used…to do…?
Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.
II. 情態動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測：
以must為例。Must + do(be)是推測現在存在的一般狀態進行；Must + be doing 推測可能正在進行的事情；must +have done是推測可能已經發生過的事情。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
1. must“肯定，一定”語氣強，只用於肯定句中
2. may和might“也許”，後者語氣弱，更沒有把握。可用語肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語氣強，用於肯定否定疑問句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發生，但實際上沒有發生）
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強，常用於疑問句否定句中)
III. 情態動詞注意點：
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達“某事終於成功”，而can無法表達此意。Be able to有更多的時態。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現在已經不再有的習慣,而would只表示過去的習慣或喜好,不涉及現在。
3. need和dare作情態動詞和實義動詞的區別：
兩者作情態動詞時常用於否定句疑問句。其形式為：needn’t/daren’t do, Need/dare…do…?
做實義動詞時可用於肯定句，否定句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
非謂語動詞
I. 非謂語動詞的分類，意義，構成：
非謂語形式 構成 特徵和作用
時態和語態 否定式 複合結構
不定式 to do
to be doing
to have done to be done
to have been done 在非謂語前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用
在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語
分詞 現在分詞 doing
having done being done
having been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用
在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語
過去分詞 done
動名詞 doing
having done being done
having been done sb’s doing 具有名詞的作用
在句中做主、賓、定和表語
II. 做賓語的非謂語動詞比較：
情況 常用動詞
只接不定式做賓語的動詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接動名詞做並於的動詞或短語 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, st about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
兩者都可以 意義基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作, 接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為)
need, want, require（接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，若接不定式則應用被動形式）
意義相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意義不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指動作尚未發生）
remember/forget/regret doing（指動作已經發生） Go on to do（接着做另外一件事）
Go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（設法，努力去做，盡力）
stop doing（試試去做，看有何結果） Mean to do（打算做，企圖做）
Mean doing （意識是，意味着）
can’t help to do（不能幫忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
III.非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區別：
常見動詞 與賓語的邏輯關係及時間概念 例句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主謂關係。強調動作將發生或已經完成。 I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
現在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關係。強調動作正在進行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.
過去分詞 動賓關係。動作已經完成，多強調狀態 We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區別：
區別 舉例
不定式 與被修飾詞往往有動賓關係，一般式表示將來，進行式表示與謂語動作同時發生，完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發生 I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
動名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關係 Shall we go to the swimming pool?
現在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是主謂關係，表示動作與謂語動作同時發生 The boiling water / the boiled water
The developing country/the developed country
The falling leaves / the fallen leaves
過去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動關係，表示動作發生在謂語動作之前，現已經完成
V. 非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區別：
區別 舉例
不定式 多表示一個特定的具體的將來的動作，做主語時可以藉助於it把不定式移到句子後面。做表語有時可和主語交換位置，而且意義不變，並且還能用what來提問主語或表語。 My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時常用)
動名詞 與不定式的功能區別不大，然而它更接近於名詞，表示的動作比較抽象，或者泛指習慣性的動作，有時也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時可以和主語互換位置。 It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job.
分詞 無名詞的性質，不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質，可以做表語，多表明主語的特徵性質或者狀態等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。
現在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，説明主語的性質特徵，多表示主動，主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態，含有“感到…”之意，主語多是人。 The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常見分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)
If和whether
I. if 和whether都能引導主語從句。只不過if 引導主語從句不放在句首，而放在句尾。句首用it 作先行詞，而whether引導的主語從句可放在句首或句尾。
*有些語法書説if不能引導表語從句。而在實際閲讀中if引導表語從句的句子也是有的。
Eg. The question is if we should go on with the work.
II. if 與whether不能互換的情況：
1、介詞後用whether不用if eg. It depends on whether he’s ready.
2、不定式之前用whether, 不用if eg. He worried whether to come.
3、名詞之後用whether不用if eg. The decision whether to see her was mine alone.
4、whether可和or not直接連用，if不能。 Eg. I don’t know whether or not he is ready.
5、引導讓步狀語從句用whether不用if: eg. Whether you like it or not, you will have to do it.
6、如果賓語從句放在句首，用whether不用if. Eg. Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
7、如果賓語從句是個否定句，用if引導不用whether引導。 Eg. I don’t care if he can’t come.
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