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外研新標準Book 1 Module 7知識精講

欄目: 英語寫作指導 / 發佈於: / 人氣:2.84W

知識精講1

1.I'm learning/learn a lot today.

一般現在時和現在進行時的用法區別英語中的一般現在時和現在進行時在用法上有着許多相似之處,但又有着本質的區別。傳統的英語語法書籍從沒有將這兩種時態的諸多相似的用法聯繫起來分析、比較,這極易使英語初學者在理解和記憶這些用法時產生混淆。下面我就這兩種時態的相似用法作一橫向的比較。

充當將來時的一般現在時與現在進行時在用法上的區別:

(1)一般現在時表示將來時間時,用於時間表、節日單或日程表上所安排好的事情:

The conference begins at 8:30 and ends at 10.

We leave tomorrow at 6:30 and arrive at 10

June 8 marks our 10 th wedding anniversary.

在這種用法中,句中動詞多為go,come,sail,start,return,open,close,takeoff,land等。

(2)現在進行時表示將來時間時,則強調個人在最近要做的事先安排、計劃好的事情,常跟表示未來的時間狀語:

I am spending next summer in Alaska.

They are having a holiday next Saturday.

He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 6:30 tram.

I'm seeing Linda this evening.

比較:一般現在時與現在進行時均可表示最近按計劃安排要做的事,但前者表示某個集體或組織的計劃,而後者表示個人的計劃。如:

I leave for Changchun tomorrow.(我和其他成員一起去,且該計劃也不是我個人定的)

I am leaving tomorrow.(我個人的計劃)

與高頻副詞連用的一般現在時和現在進行時在用法上的區別:

(1)一般現在時與高頻副詞(always,constantly,forever,perpetually,repeatedly)連用時表示經常性發生的動作,如:

Tom always helps me with my work.

He is nearly always at home in the evening.

(2)現在進行時與高頻副詞也表示經常性發生的動作,但它還同時強調説者對某人所做事情的讚揚或批評(如欣賞、厭倦等),如:

I'm always hearing strange stories about him.

She's always helping people (changing her mind).

Our fire alarm is forever going off for no reason.

She is always coming late for work.

與某些可持續動詞或形容詞連用的一般現在時和現在進行時在用法上的區別:

(1)一般現在時與某些可持續動詞或形容詞連用時可表示習慣性的動作或一般存在的狀態,如:

The river flows slowly.

Bill is very clever.

The boy is naughty.

The car works perfectly.

(2)而現在進行時與某些可持續動詞或形容詞連用則強調該動作或狀態的暫時性,表示不能長期發生的動作或存在的情況:

The river is flowing fast after the heavy rain.

(只是在暴雨之後河水才變得湍急了)

He's being very clever today.

(他平時的智力表現平平甚至愚蠢,今天卻一反常態)

The child is being naughty.

(這孩子平時很聽話,這會兒卻很淘氣)

The car is working perfectly.

(這車子平時總出毛病,這會兒工作得倒挺不錯)

一般現在時和現在進行時與感覺動詞連用時在用法上的區別:

(1)感覺動詞與一般現在時連用時,表示無意的感覺行為(如無意中聽見或看見),如:

I notice a change in the way he is dressed.

They all smell something burning.

He feels cold.

(2)感覺動詞與現在進行時連用時,表示有意的感覺行為,如:

I am smelling these new perfumes and trying to decide which to buy.

I'm feeling this material to see whether it is pure silk or not.

I am listening to the radio.

一般現在時和現在進行時在命令句中的用法區別:

(1)一般現在時用來表示語氣強硬的命令或警告,如:

You finish the assignment before 4 o'clock this afternoon.

你必須在今天下午4點鐘以前完成任務。

You mind your own business.

你少管我的事(管好你自己吧)。

(2)現在進行時用來表示語氣較温和的命令或要求,如:

You are standing next to Tom,Bill.

Don't just stand by. You are helping me with this.

知識精講2

I've lost/lost my key. Can you help me look for it?

現在完成時和一般過去時的用法區別

現在完成時和一般過去時都表示過去的動作,區別在於該動作是否與現在發生聯繫:過去時的動作與現在無大聯繫;而現在完成時的動作結果一直影響到現在,也許還在持續。

I didn't have my breakfast yesterday.

(昨天是否吃早飯和現在沒什麼關係)

You have studied for two years in this university.

for表示一段時間,在現在完成時中經常用到,和since接一個過去的時間點。

The English chief engineer has stayed in China for ten months.

The English chief engineer has stayed in China since ten months ago.

I have worked as Chairman of the Student Union since I came to the university.

注意:現在完成時中不能直接用表示過去的時間狀語。

我們不能説The English chief engineer has stayed in China last year.

知識精講3

It was the most exciting day of my life.

How can I write with a broken arm?

現在分詞與過去分詞作定語比較

由於現在分詞和過去分詞具有形容詞或副詞的特點,在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語補足語和定語。作定語時,既可作前置定語,又可作後置定語。現將其用法歸納如下,供大家參考。

前置定語:單獨一個分詞作定語時,一般情況下被放在被修飾的名詞前面,例如:

(1)現在分詞:幾乎所有的現在分詞都可以作前置定語,現在分詞表示它所修飾名詞的動作,二者有邏輯上的主謂關係,並且表示所修飾詞的特點、性質等。(可以轉換成定語從句)如:

Barking dogs seldom bite.=Dogs which barks seldom bite.

愛叫的狗很少咬人。

(2)過去分詞:所有的及物動詞的過去分詞都可以作前置定語,不及物動詞過去分詞作前置定語時,一般過去分詞前有副詞修飾,但也有少數幾個可以單獨作前置定語。過去分詞與已經完全變成了形容詞的過去分詞作前置定語的區別是:前者表示中心詞承受動作的結果或狀態;而後者表示中心詞的特點。如:

a newly arrived student新到的學生(arrived是不及物動詞,但前有newly修飾)

an escaped convict逃犯(escaped是不及物動詞)

a retired worker退休工人(retired是不及物動詞)

a locked door上鎖的門(locked表示中心詞door鎖後的狀態)

an experienced doctor有經驗的醫生(experienced表示中心詞doctor的特點)

後置定語:

(1)當被修飾的詞是由some/any/no+thing/body/one所構成的不定代詞或指示代詞those等時,雖然是一個單一的分詞作形容詞用,但也要放在其後。(可變為定語從句)如:

There has been nothing changed since I left Harbin two years ago.

自從兩年前離開,哈爾濱一直沒有什麼變化。

(2)當分詞短語作定語時,一定要放其之後。如:

The bottle containing (=which contained ) the poison was sent to the laboratory.

盛毒品的瓶子被送到實驗室。

They have Intimate knowledge of the subject being investigated (=which is being investigated ).

他們對所研究的題目非常熟悉。

注意:現在分詞的完成式不能作後置定語。但是,如果中心詞是泛指的,偶爾可用現在分詞的完成式作後置定語。如:不能説:

The man having written that book is our teacher.

應該説:

The man who has written that book is our teacher,

寫那本書的人是我們的老師。

知識精講4

Your house is three times larger than mine.

比較結構的用法:

1)比較級+than

You are taller than I.

注意:

要避免重複使用比較級。

(錯)He is more cleverer than his brother.

(對)He is more clever than his brother.

(對)He is cleverer than his brother.

要避免將主語含在比較對象中。

(錯)China is larger than any country in Asia.

(對)China is larger than any other country in Asia.

要注意對應句型,遵循前後一致的原則。

The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

要注意冠詞的使用,後有名詞的時候,前面才有可能有名詞。

比較:Which is larger,Canada or Australia?

Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?

she is taller than her two sisters.

She is the taller of the two sisters.

2)as+形容詞或副詞原級+as在否定句中可用so…as。

He cannot run so/as fast as you.

當as…as中間有名詞時採用以下格式。

as+形容詞+a+單數名詞

as+many/much+名詞

This is as good an example as the other is.

I can carry as much paper as you can.

用表示倍數的詞或其他程度副詞作修飾語時,放在as的前面。

This room is twice 9s big as that one.

Your room is the same size as mine.

倍數+as+adj.+as=倍數+the名詞+of

This bridge is three times as long as that one.

This bridge is three times the length of that one.

Your room is twice as large as mine.

Your room is twice the size of mine.

知識精講5

I The boy admitted stealing the money.

admit vt.

(admitted;admitting)

讓……進入;使獲得(某種地位或特權)

接(容)納

承認(事實、錯誤等)

導入,進氣,供給

admit sb. into the university

獲准入大學

The auditorium admits 5 000 persons.

這座禮堂可容納五千人。

I admit that I was wrong.

我承認我錯了。

注意:admit後的動詞只能用動名詞形式。

知識精講6

-What would you like to do?

-I'd prefer to continue the conversation.

prefer用法種種

prefer意為“寧可、寧願、更喜歡”,其後可以接名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句,還可以構成固定句型。由於該詞後可接的成分多,用法靈活,許多同學對這個詞的諸多用法常常容易弄混淆。為了便於同學們掌握和用好它,筆者對prefer的八種常見搭配作出以下歸納。

(1)prerfer+n. (pron.) 寧願,更喜歡

Which do you prefer,rice or bread?

你比較喜歡哪一樣,米飯還是麪包?

I prefer some poems and short stories.

我寧願讀一些詩和短篇小説。

(2)prefer to do sth.寧願做某事(強調特定的或某次具體的動作,即在一定的場合下寧願做什麼)

The old man preferred to live in the country.

那位老人更喜歡住在鄉村。

The boys preferred not to do homework right now.

那些男孩巴不得馬上就不做作業了。

(3)prefer doing sth.寧願做某事(強調一般性傾向,即對某種行為的“偏愛”)

Einstein preferred spending his spare time working for human rights.

愛因斯坦寧願把業餘時間花在為人權工作上。

I prefer swimming,but I don't prefer to swim now.

我喜歡游泳,但我現在不想遊。

(本句強調prefer to do與prefer doing結構的區別,prefer swimming指“一般愛好”,don't prefer to swim強調某次具體的行為,即現在由於種種原因而“不想去游泳”。)

(4)prefer+(doing) sth.+to (doing) sth.

寧願選擇……寧願……而不願……

She seems to prefer cats to dogs.

貓和狗之間她似乎更喜歡貓。

My grandma prefers taking a walk to sitting in front of the TV.

我奶奶寧願去散步而不願看電視。

(5)prefer to do sth.+rather than do sth.寧願做……而不願做……

He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.

他寧願呆在家裏,而不願跟我們一起去。

Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bicycle.

他總是願意騎車,而不願去擠公共汽車。

(6)prefer sb. to do sth.寧願某人做某事

They preferred their son to go to the countryside.

他們寧可讓兒子去農村。

The mother preferred her daughter not to marry a cheat.

那位母親不願讓女兒嫁給一個騙子。

(7)prefer+sth.+to be done (done) 希望某事被做

We would prefer the classroom cleaned at once.

我們希望馬上有人打掃教室。

He should prefer the question to be discussed tomorrow morning.

他希望明天上午討論此問題。

(8)prefer+that clause更希望……(從句的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣)

I prefer that he should end his speech.

我更希望他結束演講。

The old woman preferred that eggs should be done soft.

那老太太更喜歡蛋煮嫩一些。

We need to practise speaking English if you want to speak it well.

知識精講7

I'd rather go to the cinema than stay at home and watch TV.

would rather用法淺析

“would rather+動詞原形”是英語中常見的一個慣用句式(美國英語中多用had rather)。'd rather為would(或had)rather的縮寫形式。Would (had ) 在此決無“過去”之意,且無詞性、時態變化,它是一個情態助動詞。該句式常用來表示選擇的意願,意為“寧可……”“寧願……”“最好……”。如:

He'd rather work in the countryside.

他寧可到農村去工作。

If you'd rather be alone,we'll all leave here.

如果你寧願獨自呆着,那我們都離開這兒。

You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening.

今晚你最好呆在家中讀點書。

would rather與than連用.可構成另一個慣用句式,即“would rather…than…”,意為“寧可(願)……(而)不要(願)……”“與其……不如……”。用以表達主語的意願。強調經過選擇後做其中一件事,而不願做另一件事。如:

I would rather watch TV at home than walk outside.

我寧可在家看電視而不願到外邊散步。

在使用“would rather…than…”句型時。應注意以下幾點:

(1)如該句型前後連接的兩個動詞相同,則than之後的那個動詞可省去。如:

I'd rather you know that now than afterwards.

我於可你現在就知道這件事.而不是以後。

(2)would rather…than…也可改寫成“would…rather than…”,其用法及含義仍不變。如:

Facing the enemies,our soldiers would die rather than surrender.

面對敵人,我們的戰士寧死不屈。

(3)有時,為表示語氣上的強調,可將rather than置於句首。如:

Rather than refuse to help you,I would borrow money from my friends.

我寧可向朋友借錢,也不願拒絕幫助你。

(4)would rather後也可跟從句,表示主語寧願讓某人幹某事。這時,從句謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,即用一般過去時表示現在或將來要做的事;用過去完成時表示過去要做的事。如:

I'd rather she set out to do the work now.

我寧願她現在就着手做這項工作。

(5)would rather後還可接動詞的完成時,表示主語要做某事,而結果事與願違的意思。如:

I'd rather have left a note on her desk.

我本想留張字條在她書桌上的。(事實上沒有留)

知識精講8

I enjoy learning English and find translation quite easy.

find+複合結構

find+複合結構的形式很多,在高考題或練習題中出現的頻率較高。現對其用法作一歸納,希望對同學們的學習有所幫助。

(1)find+賓語+現在分詞

She found a wallet lying on the ground.

她發現一隻錢包在地上。

If slaves were found living together secretly they were cruelly whipped.

如果奴隸們被發現私自同居,就會受到殘酷鞭打。

(2)find+賓語+過去分詞

He found the place much changed.

他發現這地方有了巨大的變化。

We found her quite recovered.

我們發現她已完全痊癒。

(3)find+(賓語)+形容詞

She was found alone in the room.

發現她一個人在屋裏。

He was found dead in the morning.

早上人們發現他已經死了。

(4)find+賓語+副詞

I'm so glad I found you in.

發現你在家我真高興。

He hurried there,but found them all out.

他趕到那裏,卻發現大家都出去了。

(5)find+賓語+介詞短語

They found him already in the care of a doctor.

他們發現已經有一位大夫在照顧他了。

We have gone over the contract and found everything in order.

合同我們已經看過,感到沒有問題。

(6)find+賓語+名詞

You will find it a difficult book.

你將發現這是一本難懂的書。

We all find him a very sensible man.

我們都發現他是個很有頭腦的人。

(7)find+賓語+to be

This method was found to be practicable.

大家發現這方法很可行。

注:在find+賓語+to be…這一結構中,to be常可省略。

知識精講9

Wen is a lively and popular student who has made much progress this term.

make progress

取得進展,進步

The disease makes rapid progress.

病情迅速好轉。

make progress in

在……方面取得進步(進展)

make progress towards

朝着……(目標)前進

make progress with

把……向前推進;在……(方面)取得進展,進行

in progress

在進行中,在舉行

The building of the house is in progress.

房子在建造中。

2.He should concentrate on getting good results in Mathematics.

concentrate vi.

集中;聚集;聚精會神,集中思想 (on,upon)

You should concentrate on your work.

你應該專心於你的工作。

concentrate one's attention on[upon]

把注意力集中在……